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Lower respiratory tract infections
Whooping Cough (Pertussis)
The organism dose not invade tissues, it attaches to the celia in the trachea and impedes their action,
allowing mucus to accumulate
The violence of the cough in the small children can actually result in broken ribs. Gasping (اللهاث) for air between
coughs cause a whooping sound hence the name of the disease
Tuberculosis
Is an infectious disease, most commonly acquired by inhaling the tubercle bacillus. Only very fine particles
containing one of three bacilli reach the lungs, where they are usually phagocytized by a macrophage in the
alveoli. The macrophages of a healthy individual usually destroy the bacilli. If they do not, the
macrophages actually protect the microbe from the chemical and immunological defenses of the body, and
many of the bacilli survive and multiply within the macrophage.
Hypersensitivity reaction against these organisms causes formation of a tubercle, which effectively walls off the
pathogen. Tissue damage is mostly from the hypersensitivity reaction.
Pneumonia
An inflammation of the lungs caused by an infection.
Causes, incidence, and risk factors:
Pneumonia is a very common, serious illness and affects about 1 out of 100 people each year. It is caused by
many different organisms and can range in seriousness from mild to life-threatening illness. There are different
categories of pneumonia.
Two of these types are hospital-acquired and community-acquired.
Common types of community-acquired pneumonia are pneumococcal pneumonia and Mycoplasma pneumonia. In
some people, particularly the elderly and those who are debilitated, pneumonia may follow influenza. Hospital-
acquired pneumonia tends to be more serious because defense mechanisms against infection are often impaired.
Symptoms:
The term pneumonia is applied to many pulmonary infections. The more common pathogens are S.pneumonia, H.
influenza, S.aureus, Legionella pneumonia, and Mycoplasma pneumonia
Some pneumonia caused by certain G-ve is most likely to occur when the patient’s defenses are naturally
lowered from such condition as diabetes or from alcoholism or drugs abuse.
Such organisms are:
K.pneumonia, E.coli, P.aerogenosa, Branhamella catarrhalis, and several species of Enterobacter.
Pneumonia caused by several bacteria and are named according to the causative agent:
1.Pnemococcal Pneumonia: caused by S.pneumonia also called Diphlococcus pneumonia .
Exp. Mechanism of pneumonia
Pneumococcal pneumonia involves both the bronchi and alveoli. In response to the infection alveoli fill with
some red blood cells, polymorphonuclear leukocytes and fluid from surrounding tissues. The sputum is often rust-
colored from blood coughed up from the lungs. Pneumococci can invade the blood stream, the pleural cavity
surrounding the lung, and occasionally the meninges.
2.Klebsiella pneumonia.
3.Mycoplasmal Pneumonia. (Primary Atypical pneumonia)
4.Legionellosis.(cased by G-ve Legionella sp.)
5.Psittacosis (Ornithosis). The name derived from disease’s association with psittacian birds. (microorganism
transmitted from birds to human, caused by Chlamydia psittaci)
6.Chlamydia Pneumonia. (Caused by C. pneumonia)
Q fever:
The disease characterized by a fever lasting one or two weeks, chills, chest pain, sever headache, and other
evidence of a pneumonia – type infection. The disease was rarely fatal. In the absence of an obvious cause,
affliction was labeled Q fever.Bronchitis
An inflammation of the bronchi, the main air passages to the lungs.
Causes, incidence, and risk factors:
Acute bronchitis generally follows a viral respiratory infection. The viral infection produces bronchial
inflammation which sets the stage for bronchitis and secondary bacterial infection.
Chronic bronchitis is a long-term condition of excessive bronchial mucus with a productive cough. Chronic
bronchitis is also known as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Cigarette smoking (active and passive
exposure) is the chief cause of this disease.
Factors that make it worse include air pollution, infection, familial factors, and allergies. The severity of the
disease relates to the amount and duration of smoking.
Symptoms:
Whooping Cough (Pertussis)
The organism dose not invade tissues, it attaches to the celia in the trachea and impedes their action,
allowing mucus to accumulate
The violence of the cough in the small children can actually result in broken ribs. Gasping (اللهاث) for air between
coughs cause a whooping sound hence the name of the disease
Tuberculosis
Is an infectious disease, most commonly acquired by inhaling the tubercle bacillus. Only very fine particles
containing one of three bacilli reach the lungs, where they are usually phagocytized by a macrophage in the
alveoli. The macrophages of a healthy individual usually destroy the bacilli. If they do not, the
macrophages actually protect the microbe from the chemical and immunological defenses of the body, and
many of the bacilli survive and multiply within the macrophage.
Hypersensitivity reaction against these organisms causes formation of a tubercle, which effectively walls off the
pathogen. Tissue damage is mostly from the hypersensitivity reaction.
Pneumonia
An inflammation of the lungs caused by an infection.
Causes, incidence, and risk factors:
Pneumonia is a very common, serious illness and affects about 1 out of 100 people each year. It is caused by
many different organisms and can range in seriousness from mild to life-threatening illness. There are different
categories of pneumonia.
Two of these types are hospital-acquired and community-acquired.
Common types of community-acquired pneumonia are pneumococcal pneumonia and Mycoplasma pneumonia. In
some people, particularly the elderly and those who are debilitated, pneumonia may follow influenza. Hospital-
acquired pneumonia tends to be more serious because defense mechanisms against infection are often impaired.
Symptoms:
- Cough ,with mucus-like, greenish, or pus-like sputum
- chills with shaking, fever, easy fatigue, chest pain
- sharp or stabbing
- increased by deep breathing
- increased by coughing
- headache, loss of appetite, nausea and vomiting
- general discomfort, uneasiness, or ill feeling (malaise)
- joint stiffness (rare)
- muscular stiffness (rare)
The term pneumonia is applied to many pulmonary infections. The more common pathogens are S.pneumonia, H.
influenza, S.aureus, Legionella pneumonia, and Mycoplasma pneumonia
Some pneumonia caused by certain G-ve is most likely to occur when the patient’s defenses are naturally
lowered from such condition as diabetes or from alcoholism or drugs abuse.
Such organisms are:
K.pneumonia, E.coli, P.aerogenosa, Branhamella catarrhalis, and several species of Enterobacter.
Pneumonia caused by several bacteria and are named according to the causative agent:
1.Pnemococcal Pneumonia: caused by S.pneumonia also called Diphlococcus pneumonia .
Exp. Mechanism of pneumonia
Pneumococcal pneumonia involves both the bronchi and alveoli. In response to the infection alveoli fill with
some red blood cells, polymorphonuclear leukocytes and fluid from surrounding tissues. The sputum is often rust-
colored from blood coughed up from the lungs. Pneumococci can invade the blood stream, the pleural cavity
surrounding the lung, and occasionally the meninges.
2.Klebsiella pneumonia.
3.Mycoplasmal Pneumonia. (Primary Atypical pneumonia)
4.Legionellosis.(cased by G-ve Legionella sp.)
5.Psittacosis (Ornithosis). The name derived from disease’s association with psittacian birds. (microorganism
transmitted from birds to human, caused by Chlamydia psittaci)
6.Chlamydia Pneumonia. (Caused by C. pneumonia)
Q fever:
The disease characterized by a fever lasting one or two weeks, chills, chest pain, sever headache, and other
evidence of a pneumonia – type infection. The disease was rarely fatal. In the absence of an obvious cause,
affliction was labeled Q fever.Bronchitis
An inflammation of the bronchi, the main air passages to the lungs.
Causes, incidence, and risk factors:
Acute bronchitis generally follows a viral respiratory infection. The viral infection produces bronchial
inflammation which sets the stage for bronchitis and secondary bacterial infection.
Chronic bronchitis is a long-term condition of excessive bronchial mucus with a productive cough. Chronic
bronchitis is also known as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Cigarette smoking (active and passive
exposure) is the chief cause of this disease.
Factors that make it worse include air pollution, infection, familial factors, and allergies. The severity of the
disease relates to the amount and duration of smoking.
Symptoms:
- cough that produces mucus (sputum), may be blood streaked shortness of breath aggravated by exertion or
mild activity - frequent respiratory infections (such as colds)
- wheezing
- fatigue
- ankle, feet, and leg swelling that affects both sides
- reddish face, palms, or mucous membranes (such as the inside of the mouth)
- reddish cheeks
- headaches
- vision abnormalities
